Alternatives searches are a required part of the animal use application process.  Use of an online search (e.g. Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives) satisfies the USDA requires as outlined in USDA Policy 12.  When submitting your protocol, please provide the search criteria including:   

• Date of Search

• Keywords (2 or 3)

• Results of Search

Refinement and Environmental Enrichment for All Laboratory Animals is a regularly updated search engine for dogs, cats, rabbits, primates, and other non-rodent animals.

Medline is a commonly used literature search. This link will send you to the search engine.

AGRICOLA  (AGRICultural OnLine Access) is an laternativfes search engine provided by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

TOXLINE (National Library of Medicine

ALTWEB - Alternatives to Animal Testing - Refinement, Reduction and Replacement

Animal Use Alternative Thesaurus, National Agricultural Library

Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University - School of Public Health

Information Resources for Adjuvants and Antibody Production: Comparisons and Alternative Technologies 1990-1997, Animal Welfare Information Center  

Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods

Norwegian Reference Centre for Laboratory Animal Science and Alternatives

Sources of Information About Alternatives, University of California, Santa Barbara